Analysis of the distal urinary tract in larval and adult zebrafish reveals homology to the human system.

Little is known about the distal excretory component of the urinary tract in Danio rerio (zebrafish). This component is affected by many human diseases and disorders of development. Here, we have undertaken multi-level analyses to determine the structure and composition of the distal urinary tract in the zebrafish. In silico searches identified uroplakin 1a (ukp1a), uroplakin 2 (upk2) and uroplakin 3b (upk3b) genes in the zebrafish genome (orthologues to genes that encode urothelium-specific proteins in humans). In situ hybridization demonstrated ukp1a expression in the zebrafish pronephros and cloaca from 96 h post-fertilization. Haematoxylin and Eosin staining of adult zebrafish demonstrated two mesonephric ducts uniting into a urinary bladder that leads to a distinct urethral opening. Immunohistochemistry identified Uroplakin 1a, Uroplakin 2 and GATA3 expression in zebrafish urinary bladder cell layers that match human urothelial expression. Fluorescent dye injections demonstrated zebrafish urinary bladder function, including urine storage and intermittent micturition, and a urethral orifice separate from the larger anal canal and rectum. Our findings reveal homology between the urinary tracts of zebrafish and humans, and offer the former as a model system to study disease.

Involvement of Mast-Cell-Tryptase- and Protease-Activated Receptor 2-Mediated Signaling and Urothelial Barrier Dysfunction with Reduced Uroplakin II Expression in Bladder Hyperactivity Induced by Chronic Bladder Ischemia in the Rat.

We aimed to investigate the relationship between mast cell (MC) infiltration into the bladder with urothelial barrier dysfunction and bladder hyperactivity in a chronic bladder ischemia (CBI) rat model. We compared CBI rats (CBI group; n = 10) with normal rats (control group; n = 10). We measured the expression of mast cell tryptase (MCT) and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), which are correlated with C fiber activation via MCT, and Uroplakins (UP Ia, Ib, II and III), which are critical to urothelial barrier function, via Western blotting. The effects of FSLLRY-NH2, a PAR2 antagonist, administered intravenously, on the bladder function of CBI rats were evaluated with a cystometrogram. In the CBI group, the MC number in the bladder was significantly greater (p = 0.03), and the expression of MCT (p = 0.02) and PAR2 (p = 0.02) was significantly increased compared to that of the control group. The 10 µg/kg FSLLRY-NH2 injection significantly increased the micturition interval of CBI rats (p = 0.03). The percentage of UP-II-positive cells on the urothelium with immunohistochemical staining was significantly lower in the CBI group than in the control group (p < 0.01). Chronic ischemia induces urothelial barrier dysfunction via impairing UP II, consequently inducing MC infiltration into the bladder wall and increased PAR2 expression. PAR2 activation by MCT may contribute to bladder hyperactivity.

Distinct Uroplakin II Staining Pattern in Apocrine Breast Carcinoma.

Uroplakin II (UPII) has been shown as a highly specific marker of urothelial carcinoma; however, it can also stain subtypes of apocrine-differentiated breast carcinoma. Given that urothelium and breast epithelium share other common immunohistochemical markers, such as CK7 and GATA3, this can lead to a potential diagnostic pitfall. We stained a cohort of triple-negative breast cancer with UPII. Compared with the diffuse, cytoplasmic staining in urothelial carcinoma, UPII was positive in 38.9% of apocrine carcinoma (7/18) with a course, granular cytoplasmic staining pattern and negative in all nonapocrine triple-negative breast cancer cases. Furthermore, the same staining pattern was present in all apocrine metaplasia of the breast (4/4) and apocrine sweat glands in normal skin (6/6). This distinct subcellular localization of UPII staining in breast carcinoma can offer a potential solution to the above diagnostic pitfall.

Comparison of Antibodies to Detect Uroplakin in Urothelial Carcinomas.

Immunohistochemistry for Uroplakin (UP) II and III is used to determine urothelial origin of carcinomas of unknown primary site and are especially valuable to differentiate urothelial carcinomas (UCs) from lung squamous cell carcinomas and prostate carcinomas. In the Nordic immunohistochemical Quality Control assessment scheme, only 45% of the participants obtained a sufficient staining result for UP. Primary antibodies (Abs) against UPII were most successful with a pass rate of 86%. No Abs against UPIII provided sufficient staining results. A comparative study was carried out on a larger cohort of tissue samples with optimized methods for the UPII mouse monoclonal antibody (mmAb) clone BC21, UPIII mmAb clone AU-1, and rabbit monoclonal antibody (rmAb) clone SP73 to evaluate the performance in a standardized way. Tissue microarrays containing 58 UCs, 111 non-UCs, and 20 normal tissues were included. The UP stains were evaluated by using H-score. Based on H-scores, samples were categorized as high-expressor (150 to 300), moderate-expressor (10 to 149), low-expressor (1 to 9), and negative (<1). The UPII mmAb clone BC21 obtained a significant higher analytical sensitivity of 69% for UCs compared with the UPIII Abs mmAb clone AU-1 and rmAb clone SP73 with 19% and 29%, respectively. No high-expressor UCs were seen for the UPIII Abs, whereas 13% of the positive UCs obtained an H-score >150 for the UPII Ab. The 2 UPIII Abs gave an analytical specificity of 100% compared with 97% for the UPII Ab being positive in 2 ovarian carcinomas and 1 cervical squamous cell carcinoma.

Pleural fluid metastasis of plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma in comparison to micropapillary and conventional high-grade urothelial carcinoma: Cytologic and immuonohistochemical findings.

Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (PUC) is a rare but clinically aggressive variant of high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC). Cytological features include single plasmacytoid neoplastic cells with N:C ratio around 0.5, eccentric nuclei, nuclear hyperchromasia, irregular nuclear membrane, and vacuolated cytoplasm. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma (MPUC) is another clinically aggressive variant of HGUC that shares some overlapping features of PUC. The diagnosis of these two aggressive variants in pleural effusions can be challenging due to features mimicking adenocarcinoma, unusual immunochemistry profile, and confusion with differential diagnoses, especially when pertinent clinical information is unavailable. We present report on one case each of pleural fluid metastasis of PUC and MPUC respectively, and compare the findings with that of a metastatic conventional HGUC originally thought to be metastatic adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis of PUC was confirmed with immunohistochemical studies showing expression for cytokeratin, GATA-3, uroplakin II, and CD138, diminished or loss of E-cadherin membranous expression, negative expression for p63, p53, Epicam-BerEP4, Epicam-MOC31, and p120. The diagnosis of MPUC was confirmed with immunostain profile similar to that of PUC except positive stain for E-cadherin, p120, and p53. The diagnosis of HGUC was confirmed with immunohistochemical studies showing expression for cytokeratin, GATA-3, uroplakin II, p63, Epicam-BerEP4 (focal weak), and Epicam-MOC31. Our cases of metastatic urothelial carcinoma showed features mimicking adenocarcinoma and others, especially the MPUC and HGUC were diagnosed without prior tissue diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. This report emphasizes the cytohistological and immunohistochemical details of urothelial carcinoma involving effusion fluid and discusses potential pitfalls in diagnosis.

Uroplakin II as a single marker for luminal versus basal molecular subtypes in muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma.

Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease classified into two broad molecular subtype categories, basal and luminal, with critical treatment and prognostic implications. Recent studies have shown the utility of immunohistochemistry in predicting bladder cancer molecular subtypes, with a two-marker approach using GATA3 and CK5/6 showing over 80% reliability. In the current study, we calculated the accuracy of uroplakin II (UPII), a marker of urothelial differentiation, with different scores (0: <1%, 1+: 1-10%, 2+: 10-50%, 3+: >50%) to predict RNA-based luminal versus basal subtypes in a cohort of muscle-invasive bladder cancer-received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. The 1% cutoff of the UPII stain predicts the luminal subtype with the sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 56%, respectively. With a UPII cutoff of 10%, the sensitivity and specificity were 93% and 81%, respectively, and with a UPII cutoff of 50%, the sensitivity and specificity were 91% and 96%, respectively. The prediction performance of UPII was better than either GATA3 or CK5/6. There was no significant difference in prognoses between UPII 0-2+ and UPII 3+ patients in this cohort. The current study shows that evaluating the staining proportion score of UPII can accurately predict basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Comparison of RNAscope and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of the UPK2 status in urothelial carcinoma tissues.

BACKGROUND: UPK2 exhibits excellent specificity for urothelial carcinoma (UC). UPK2 evaluation can be useful in making the correct diagnosis of UC. However, UPK2 detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has relatively low sensitivity. This paper aimed to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of RNAscope and IHC for evaluation of the UPK2 status in UC. METHODS: Tissue blocks from 127 conventional bladder UCs, 45 variant bladder UCs, 24 upper tract UCs and 23 metastatic UCs were selected for this study. IHC and RNAscope were used to detect the UPK2 status in UCs. Then, comparisons of the two methods were undertaken. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between RNAscope and IHC for the evaluation of the UPK2 positivity rate in UC (68.0% vs. 62.6%, P = 0.141). Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation for detection of UPK2: RNAscope vs. IHC (P < 0.001, R = 0.441). Our results showed a trend toward a higher positive UPK2 rate detected by RNAscope (53.3%) than by IHC (35.6%) in variant bladder UCs. Disappointingly, the P value did not indicate a significant difference (P = 0.057). CONCLUSIONS: RNAscope for UPK2 appeared to perform similarly to IHC, with a marginally higher positive rate, suggesting it could be used as an alternative or adjunct to UPK2 IHC.

Initial Evaluation of Uroplakins UPIIIa and UPII in Selected Benign Urological Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Uroplakins (UPs) are glycoproteins that play a specific role in the structure and function of the urothelium. Disorders which affect the normal expression of UPs are associated with the pathogenesis of infections and neoplasms of the urinary tract, primary vesicoureteral reflux, hydronephrosis and renal dysfunction. The appearance of uroplakins in the urine and/or plasma may be of potential importance in the detection of urinary tract dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to investigate uroplakin IIIa (UPIIIa) and uroplakin II (UPII) expression in patients with selected urological diseases. METHODS: Plasma and urine from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral stricture (US), urinary tract infection (UTI) and urolithiasis were compared to healthy people without urological disorders. UPs concentrations were measured by the immunoenzymatic method. RESULTS: In patients with BPH and UTI, concentrations of UPIIIa in urine and plasma, as well as UPII in urine, were statistically significantly higher than in the control groups. In the US group, only the plasma UPIIIa concentration differed significantly from the control. CONCLUSION: The conducted research shows that benign urological diseases may affect the state of the urothelium, as manifested by increased concentrations of both UPs in patients' urine and plasma, especially in BPH and UTI.

Expression of uroplakin II and GATA-3 in bladder cancer mimickers: caveats in the use of a limited panel to determine cell of origin in bladder lesions.

Antibodies targeting uroplakin II (UPII) are highly specific for urothelial cells and are frequently used to determine if a primary bladder lesion or a metastatic lesion originates from the urothelium. However, to date, no studies have tested the expression of UPII in histological mimickers of bladder cancer that are nonurothelial in origin. Given the potential risk of misdiagnosis, immunohistochemical markers are often used to better characterize these lesions. In the present study, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of UPII in a set of urothelial carcinoma mimickers that included conventional nephrogenic adenoma (n = 8), papillary nephrogenic adenoma (n = 6), endometriosis/endosalpingiosis (n = 5), inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (n = 4), ectopic prostate tissue (n = 2), and malakoplakia (n = 2). We also examined the expression of GATA-3, another commonly used immunohistochemical marker in bladder cancer diagnosis, in the same lesions. Weak immunoreactivity for UPII was identified in 6 of 27 mimickers (22%), and GATA-3 was expressed in 16 of 27 mimickers (59%). Strong immunoreactivity for UPII appeared to be a specific marker for urothelial cell of origin, although weak staining was seen in a significant proportion of mimickers. GATA-3 immunostaining was present in a greater number and broader spectrum of mimickers; however, only one case of papillary nephrogenic adenoma showed dual positivity for UPII and GATA-3. These findings support the immunohistochemical panel-based approach in the diagnosis of bladder lesions, especially if nonurothelial bladder cancer mimickers are in the differential diagnosis. Additional larger studies would be of value to expand on these findings.

Urothelial Differences in the Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex: Potential Implications for Management.

PURPOSE: The authors examined the urothelium of exstrophy-epispadias complex spectrum patients for histological differences and expression of terminal markers of urothelial differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2012 and 2017 bladder biopsies were obtained from 69 pediatric exstrophy-epispadias complex patients. These specimens were compared to bladder specimens from normal controls. All bladder specimens underwent histological assessment followed by immunohistochemical staining for uroplakin-II and p63. Expression levels of uroplakin-II and p63 were then assessed by a blinded pathologist. RESULTS: Forty-three classic bladder exstrophy biopsies were obtained (10 newborn closures, 22 delayed closures, and 11 repeat closures). Additional biopsies from 18 cloacal exstrophy patients and 8 epispadias patients were also evaluated. These specimens were compared to 8 normal control bladder specimens. Overall, uroplakin-II expression was lower in exstrophy-epispadias complex patients compared to controls (p <0.0001). Among classic bladder exstrophy patients, there was reduced expression of uroplakin-II in the delayed and repeat closures in comparison to newborn closures (p=0.045). Expression of p63 was lower in patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex compared to controls (p <0.0001). Expression of p63 was similar among classic bladder exstrophy patients closed as newborns when compared to delayed or repeat closures. Classic bladder exstrophy patients had a higher rate of squamous metaplasia when compared to controls (p=0.044). Additionally, there was a higher rate of squamous metaplasia in the patients undergoing delayed closure in comparison to those closed in the newborn period (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The urothelium in the exstrophy-epispadias complex bladder is strikingly different than that of healthy controls. Uroplakin-II expression is greatly reduced in exstrophy-epispadias complex bladders and is influenced by the timing of bladder closure. Reduced uroplakin-II expression and increased rates of squamous metaplasia in exstrophy-epispadias complex patients undergoing delayed closure suggests that exposure of the urothelium may induce these changes. These findings shed light on the molecular changes in exstrophy-epispadias complex bladders and may have implications on the appropriate timing of primary bladder closure, as those closed in the newborn period appear to have a greater potential for growth and differentiation.

Gynecologic Serous Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Analysis of Malignant Body Fluid Specimens.

CONTEXT.­: Evaluation of fluid specimens involved by serous carcinoma might potentially include PAX8, GATA3, Uroplakin II, SOX2, and SALL4 antibodies. Those markers are commonly employed for diagnosing carcinomas of various types, including urothelial malignancies and germ cell tumors. There have been no comprehensive immunohistochemical studies, to our knowledge, for those markers on fluid specimens involved by serous carcinoma. OBJECTIVE.­: To evaluate immunohistochemical markers PAX8, GATA3, SOX2, uroplakin II, and SALL4 in the diagnosis of high-grade serous carcinoma in fluid specimens. DESIGN.­: We examined 113 fluids (96 ascites specimens and 17 pleural fluid specimens) that were positive for carcinoma. Most (94 cases; 83.2%) consisted of high-grade serous carcinoma of Müllerian origin. Nineteen cases of non-high-grade serous carcinoma (including one case of low-grade serous carcinoma) of gynecologic origin were also included as anecdotal data. RESULTS.­: In 113 fluid specimens with positive results for carcinoma, including nonserous types, 99 (87.6%) had positive results for PAX8, 19 (16.8%) for GATA3; 19 (16.8%) for SOX2, 23 (20.4%) for uroplakin II, and 8 (7.1%) for SALL4. Of 94 fluids (83.2%) involved with high-grade serous carcinoma, 84 (89.4%) had positive results for PAX8, 18 (19.1%) for GATA3, 17 (18.1%) for SOX2, 22 (23.4%) for uroplakin II, and 8 (8.5%) for SALL4. Some of these specimens showed reactivity for more than one immunohistochemical marker. CONCLUSIONS.­: Most fluids involving high-grade serous carcinoma showed positive results for PAX8, and some cases expressed GATA3, SOX2, uroplakin II, and SALL4. Serous carcinoma in fluids may be positive for immunohistochemical markers not thought of traditionally as associated with gynecologic malignancy, an important consideration in avoiding misdiagnosis.

Diagnostic Utility of Prostein, Uroplakin II and SATB2 for Diagnosing Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Origin: A Systematic Immunohistochemical Profiling.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate 600 carcinomas of major histological types from various organs to determine the tissue distributions of the novel markers prostein, uroplakin II and SATB2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved 30 cases from 20 different carcinomas of systemic organs. RESULTS: All prostate adenocarcinomas were immunopositive for prostein, and its reactivity was consistently diffuse. There was faint labeling of prostein in few cases of the 570 non-prostatic carcinomas. Uroplakin II was immunopositive in 53% and 60% of urothelial carcinomas (UC) of the bladder and the ureter, respectively. There was focal and weak positivity of uroplakin II in a few cases of non-urinary tract carcinomas. SATB2 was frequently positive in adenocarcinomas of the digestive organs, and was also expressed in a minority of the non-colorectal adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSION: Prostein and uroplakin II are immunohistochemical biomarkers of prostate adenocarcinomas and UCs of the urinary tract.

A MAPP Network study: overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse urothelium mimics interstitial cystitis.

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome is a chronic bladder condition associated with pain and voiding dysfunction that is often regarded as a neurogenic cystitis. Patient symptoms are correlated with the presence of urothelial lesions. We previously characterized a murine neurogenic cystitis model that recapitulates mast cell accumulation and urothelial lesions, and these events were dependent on TNF. To further explore the role of TNF in bladder inflammation and function, we generated a transgenic mouse model with chronic TNF overexpression in urothelium under the control of the uroplakin II (UPII) promoter. Transgenic mouse lines were maintained by backcross onto wild-type C57BL/6J mice and evaluated for pelvic tactile allodynia as a measure of visceral pain, urinary function, and urothelial lesions. TNF mRNA and protein were expressed at greater levels in bladders of UPII-TNF mice than in those of wild-type mice. UPII-TNF mice showed significantly increased urinary frequency and decreased void volume. UPII-TNF mice had increased urothelial apoptosis and loss of urothelial integrity consistent with urothelial lesions. Overexpression of TNF was also associated with pelvic tactile allodynia. Consistent with these findings, UPII-TNF mice exhibited increased bladder afferent activity in response to stretch ex vivo. In summary, UPII-TNF mice display significant pelvic pain, voiding dysfunction, urothelial lesions, and sensory input. Thus UPII-TNF mice are a model for characterizing mechanisms of interstitial cystitis symptoms and evaluating therapies.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Diagnostic Usefulness of Uroplakin 2 with an Assessment of the Antioxidant Potential of Patients with Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Urothelial carcinoma is the most common type of bladder cancer (BC). It makes up more than 90% of all bladder cancers. Uroplakins are tissue-specific, glycoproteins, playing a role in the construction and function of urothelium. The emergence of uroplakins in the urine and/or plasma may be of potential importance in the early detection of BC. In our study, the diagnostic value of plasma and urine uroplakin 2 (UP2) concentration in bladder cancer was investigated, with an assessment of the antioxidant potential of BC patients. The correlation between UP2, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and concentration of glutathione (GSH) was also examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 61 BC patients and 33 healthy controls. UP2 concentration was estimated by the immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). TAC and GSH were determined in spectrophotometrically methods. RESULTS: UP2 concentration in BC patients was significantly higher (p≤0.001) both in plasma and in urine compared to the control groups (C). TAC concentration in urine (p≤0.001) and GSH concentration in plasma (p=0.047) were significantly lower in BC group compared to the C group. The high specificity and sensitivity for UPK2 in plasma (76%, 80%, respectively) and urine (88%, 84%, respectively) were observed. Positive correlations were observed between concentration of UP2 in plasma and TAC concentration in urine and between UP2 concentration in plasma and GSH concentration in the same material. CONCLUSION: The study showed the early diagnostic value of urine and plasma UP2 in BC. There was a decrease in UP2 concentration in the urine of patients with the development of BC. The decrease of antioxidant systems (TAC, GSH) indicates their relationship with the BC process. Based on the obtained results, it is justified to continue the study in a larger group of patients with BC.

Mode of Surgical Injury Influences the Source of Urothelial Progenitors during Bladder Defect Repair.

The bladder urothelium functions as a urine-blood barrier and consists of basal, intermediate, and superficial cell populations. Reconstructive procedures such as augmentation cystoplasty and focal mucosal resection involve localized surgical damage to the bladder wall whereby focal segments of the urothelium and underlying submucosa are respectively removed or replaced and regeneration ensues. We demonstrate using lineage-tracing systems that urothelial regeneration following augmentation cystoplasty with acellular grafts exclusively depends on host keratin 5-expressing basal cells to repopulate all lineages of the de novo urothelium at implant sites. Conversely, repair of focal mucosal defects not only employs this mechanism, but in parallel host intermediate cell daughters expressing uroplakin 2 give rise to themselves and are also contributors to superficial cells in neotissues. These results highlight the diversity of urothelial regenerative responses to surgical injury and may lead to advancements in bladder tissue engineering approaches.

Molecular diagnosis of lymph node metastasis in patients with upper urinary tract cancer who underwent lymphadenectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the significance of molecular diagnosis of lymph node metastasis using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. METHODS: A total of 51 patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer who underwent extended lymphadenectomy were included in the present study. Retrieved lymph nodes from each patient were divided into two parts. One part was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for molecular staging, whereas the other one was assessed by routine histopathological examination. Four kinds of molecules (FXYD3, KRT19, KRT20 and UPK2) were selected as markers to detect urothelial cancer cells. RESULTS: The average number of retrieved lymph nodes was 18.3. As UPK2 showed the best discrimination ability among four markers, the patients were classified in three categories according to UPK2 expression: N(+)PCR(+) for patients who had lymph node metastasis by routine pathological diagnosis as well as quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (n = 4); N(-)PCR(+) for patients who had lymph node metastasis by polymerase chain reaction but not by routine pathological diagnosis (n = 7); and N(-)PCR(-) for patients who showed no lymph node metastasis not only by routine pathological diagnosis but also by polymerase chain reaction (n = 40). The prognosis of the N(-)PCR(+) group was better than that of the N(+)PCR(+) group, and similar to that of the N(-)PCR(-) group. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction could detect micrometastasis in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cancer. However, the prognosis of patients with micrometastasis is better than patients with pathologically metastasized lymph nodes, and similar to patients without micrometastasis.

Immunohistochemical Differentiation of Plasmacytoid Urothelial Carcinoma From Secondary Carcinoma Involvement of the Bladder.

Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a rare variant of UC that can histologically mimic metastatic cancer involving the urinary bladder. A total of 45 cases of plasmacytoid UC were collected and reviewed histologically. The following immunohistochemical markers were performed: CDX2; polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (p-CEA); gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15); mammaglobin; estrogen receptor (ER); progesterone receptor (PR); GATA 3 and uroplakin II. In all cases, the plasmacytoid variant of UC lacked expression of ER and mammaglobin. In contrast, GCPDFP-15, PR, CDX2 and p-CEA showed positive staining in 11 (24.4%), 6 (13.3%), 8 (17.7%), and 22 (48.8%) cases, respectively. GCPDFP-15 was expressed in 4/8 female cases with 1 concurrently focally (+2) expressing PR. GATA 3 and uroplakin II was positive in 37/45 cases (82.2%) and 15/45 (33.3%) cases, respectively. A tissue microarray with 40 cases of infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast was stained for uroplakin II, and was negative in all cases. Tissue microarrays with 46 cases of gastric signet ring cell adenocarcinomas were all negative for GCDFP-15, ER, PR, GATA3, uroplakin II, and mammaglobin. A panel of stains including mammaglobin, ER, and uroplakin II is recommended to exclude metastatic lobular breast carcinoma to the bladder in cases where a conventional UC component is not present. Immunohistochemistry for CDX2 and p-CEA cannot be utilized to differentiate signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract from plasmacytoid UC; GATA3 or uroplakin II immunoreactivity can rule out a gastric primary given their negativity in signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the stomach.

GATA3 Positivity in Benign Radiated Prostate Glands: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall.

Histologic changes following radiation therapy to the prostate include multilayering of glands, atrophy, squamous metaplasia, and often marked random nuclear atypia. We have seen multiple consultation cases where the differential diagnosis of these radiated prostate glands included urothelial carcinoma, with multilayered to solid-appearing proliferations that were positive by immunohistochemistry for GATA3. To formally investigate this issue, 30 cases of benign prostate tissue with radiation atypia, from 1990 to 2015, were obtained from our institution. Cases were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the prostate-specific markers prostate-specific antigen (PSA), P501S (Prostein), and NKX3.1 and urothelial markers GATA3 and uroplakin 2. GATA3 was positive in 100% of cases, with 70% showing moderately strong to strong staining in a mostly patchy manner within a gland. PSA was positive in 93.3% of cases, with 89.2% showing moderately strong to strong staining in a mostly diffuse manner. P501S was positive in 96.7% of cases, with 93.1% showing moderately strong to strong staining in a mostly patchy manner. NKX3.1 was positive in 82.8% of cases, with 33.3% showing moderately strong to strong staining in a mostly patchy manner. Uroplakin 2 was negative in 100% of cases. Our findings highlight that GATA3 is often positive in benign prostate glands with radiation atypia, which along with the morphologic features present a pitfall for the misdiagnosis of urothelial carcinoma. A combination of PSA and P501S is the best prostate-specific panel for use in radiated prostate, with the caveat that they are often patchy and do not stain all radiated glands.

The Tetraspanin-Associated Uroplakins Family (UPK2/3) Is Evolutionarily Related to PTPRQ, a Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase Receptor.

Uroplakins are a widespread group of vertebrate integral membrane proteins that belong to two different families: UPK1a and UPK1b belong to the large tetraspanin (TSPAN) gene family, and UPK3a, UPK3b, UPK3c, UPK3d, UPK2a and UPK2b form a family of their own, the UPK2/3 tetraspanin-associated family. In a previous study, we reported that uroplakins first appeared in vertebrates, and that uroplakin tetraspanins (UPK1a and UPK1b) should have originated by duplication of an ancestor tetraspanin gene. However, the evolutionary origin of the UPK2/3 family remains unclear. In this study, we provide evidence that the UPK2/3 family originated by gene duplication and domain loss from a protoPTPRQ-like basal deuterostome gene. PTPRQs are members of the subtype R3 tyrosine phosphatase receptor (R3 PTPR) family, which are characterized by having a unique modular composition of extracellular fibronectin (FN3) repeats, a transmembrane helix, and a single intra-cytoplasmic phosphotyrosine phophatase (PTP) domain. Our assumption of a deuterostome protoPTPRQ-like gene as an ancestor of the UPK2/3 family by gene duplication and loss of its PTP and fibronectin (FN3) domains, excluding the one closest to the transmembrane helix, is based on the following: (i) phylogenetic analyses, (ii) the existence of an identical intron/exon gene pattern between UPK2/3 and the corresponding genetic region in R3 PTPRs, (iii) the conservation of cysteine patterns and protein motifs between UPK2/3 and PTPRQ proteins and, (iv) the existence in tunicates, the closest organisms to vertebrates, of two sequences related to PTPRQ; one with the full subtype R3 modular characteristic and another without the PTP domain but with a short cytoplasmic tail with some sequence similarity to that of UPK3a. This finding will facilitate further studies on the structure and function of these important proteins with implications in human diseases.

Comparison of 5 Different Rat Models to Establish a Standard Animal Model for Research Into Interstitial Cystitis / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE: We evaluated 5 different rat models using different agents in order to establish a standard animal model for interstitial cystitis (IC) in terms of the functional and pathologic characteristics of the bladder. METHODS: Five IC models were generated in 8-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats via transurethral instillation of 0.1M hydrogen chloride (HCl) or 3% acetic acid (AA), intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (CYP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or subcutaneous injection of uroplakin II (UPK2). After generating the IC models, conscious cystometry was performed on days 3, 7, and 14. All rats were euthanized on day 14 and their bladders were obtained for histological and pro-inflammatory-related gene expression analysis. RESULTS: In the cystometric analysis, all experimental groups showed significantly decreased intercontraction intervals compared with the control group on day 3, but only the LPS and UPK groups maintained significantly shorter intercontraction intervals than the control group on day 14. The histological analysis revealed that areas with severe urothelial erosion (HCl, AA, and UPK) and hyperplasia (CYP and LPS), particularly in the UPK-treated bladders, showed a markedly increased infiltration of toluidine blue-stained mast cells and increased tissue fibrosis. In addition, significantly elevated expression of interleukin-1b, interleukin-6, myeloperoxidase, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, and Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 was observed in the UPK group compared to the other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among the 5 different agents, the injection of UPK generated the most effective IC animal model, showing consequent urothelial barrier loss, inflammatory reaction, tissue fibrosis stimulation, and persistent hyperactive bladder.